Abstract: A novel parallel R-C architecture-based level and electrical conductivity (EC) sensor with machine learning (ML) enabled measurement is presented. Two long electrodes are positioned ...

They do so by sending a small current through their probe tip. Current flowing between the sensor and some reference (often the metal tank holding the liquid) is compared inside the sensor to current ...

Abstract: Conductivity sensing plays a crucial role in biochemical and industrial process monitoring, particularly in complex liquid environments such as fermentation systems. This study developed a ...