This simulation compares the output of a half-wave rectifier with and without capacitive filtering for a 100 Hz AC input (green waveform). The first circuit shows the pure half-wave rectified output (blue waveform), which follows the positive half-cycles of the input and drops to zero in between. The second circuit adds a 100 nF capacitor as a filter (orange waveform), which charges during the peak and discharges slowly through the load, reducing the ripple but still showing noticeable voltage d