The central venous pressure (CVP) is an important measurement that reflects the blood pressure in the right atrium or the superior vena cava (SVC). It is most accurately measured using a central venous catheter inserted into the SVC. However, the CVP can be approximated by using the steps in this video to determine the jugular venous pressure. Remember to add 5cm to your measured height because the sternal angle lies about 5 cm above the level of the right atrium. The normal reference range is b

Assessing tissue perfusion: pCO2 gap , Capillary refill time CRT, Lactate, ScVO2