Various such as Mercator 's projectionProjection methodYou can see how much deformed it is compared with the actual terrain while comparing 2D maps using 3D globe with "Visualizing map distortion"is.

NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity took 25 images in Gale Crater using its mast-mounted Right Navigation Camera (Navcam) to create this mosaic. The seam-corrected mosaic provides a 360-degree cylindrical ...