It is established that pleiotropic effects of common genetic variants can substantially confound epidemiologic association studies. However, existing approach adjusting for genetic confounding mostly ...

Control for confounding is crucial in causal observational studies. However, the modelling of continuous confounders has not received much attention. This is probably because in causal research the ...

The epidemiological concept of confounding has had a convoluted history. It was first expressed as an issue of group non-comparability, later as an uncontrolled fallacy, then as a controllable fallacy ...