XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...

Unlike optical microscopy, SEM does not rely on light waves but instead uses a beam of electrons to interact with materials, enabling magnifications up to 300,000× and resolutions approaching 1 nm. 1 ...

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful non-destructive analytical technique used to evaluate crystalline materials and determine their structural properties. As one of the most widely used ...