Although the concept of negative-index materials (NIMs) has existed for several decades, actual metamaterials with these properties were not fabricated until recently 1,2,3. The original proposal and ...

Polar notations (sphere, cylinder, and axis) of refraction perfectly characterize a single refraction but are not suitable for statistical analysis or graphic representation. While the spherical ...

Calculations of atmospheric refraction are generally based on a simplified model of atmospheric density in the troposphere that assumes the temperature decreases at a constant lapse rate L from sea ...

Calculating the power of a secondary intraocular lens (IOL) requires axial lengths and keratometry measurements. In children, these measurements often need to be done under either sedation at the time ...

Abstract: Starlight refraction navigation is a very important method for spacecraft. Over the course of decades, starlight refraction navigation has developed a set of classical calculations. Among ...