The large number of possible shape combinations (10 4 permutations; 715 unique combinations) prohibits memorization of specific four-shape patterns and encourages the monkeys to combine evidence from ...

Decision making often requires simultaneously learning about and combining evidence from various sources of information. However, when making inferences from these sources, humans show systematic ...

Probabilistic reasoning is used when we consider the diagnostic accuracy of tests in our clinical decisions. It is also called Bayesian reasoning, being based on Bayes’ theorem, in which the ...

ある結果が得られる見込みを素早く評価して、それに基づき判断を下すこと。 どの観点から見るかによって、演繹・帰納的推論なのかが左右される。 日常経験のなかで経験したことからその確率を推論する場合は帰納的推論となり、ある出来事の確率が ...

Statistical literacy, the ability to reason and understand data, is necessary both for reading published material and conducting research. The clinician is taking decisions under uncertainty, and ...

In a recent study published in JAMA Network Open, a group of researchers evaluated the proficiency of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) artificial intelligence (AI) in probabilistic ...

For humans and machines, intelligence requires making sense of the world — inferring simple explanations for the mishmosh of information coming in through our senses, discovering regularities and ...

Understanding complex systems requires reasoning about causal relationships that behave or appear to behave probabilistically. Features such as distributed agency, large spatial scales, and time ...