Particle swarm optimization isn't usually seen as the first-choice technique for training a neural network but, as James McCaffrey demonstrates, it's a useful alternative. Particle swarm optimization ...

Abstract: Most real world problems have more than one objective, with at least two objectives in conflict with one another and at least one objective that is dynamic in nature. The dynamic vector ...

Finding the derivative of a vector function is a fundamental concept in calculus that extends the idea of differentiation from scalar functions to functions that output vectors. This process is ...