Abstract: This work presents a detailed overview of the mathematical models and procedures used to conduct closed-loop testing of overcurrent relays using a real-time digital simulator. The example ...

Abstract: The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) approach is being increasingly recognised and utilised as a highly effective way to bridge the gap between simulation and real conditions. Real-time simulation ...

Power systems today operate in an environment where reliability and safety must be maintained despite rising loads, expanding interconnections, and increasing dependence on distributed energy ...