Abstract: This work presents a detailed overview of the mathematical models and procedures used to conduct closed-loop testing of overcurrent relays using a real-time digital simulator. The example ...

Abstract: The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) approach is being increasingly recognised and utilised as a highly effective way to bridge the gap between simulation and real conditions. Real-time simulation ...

ABSTRACT: Protection of radial distribution networks is widely based on coordinated inverse time overcurrent relays (OCRs) ensuring both effectiveness and selectivity. However, the integration of ...

Power systems today operate in an environment where reliability and safety must be maintained despite rising loads, expanding interconnections, and increasing dependence on distributed energy ...

This 'back-to-the-basics' video that explains how non-directional overcurrent works. It shows the difference between a fuse and an overcurrent protections scheme with current transformer, relay and ...