Fuzzy Fredholm integral equations represent a class of mathematical problems in which uncertainty is incorporated directly into the model via fuzzy numbers. These equations extend the classical ...

Electromagnetic integral equations offer a powerful framework for modelling wave propagation and scattering phenomena by recasting Maxwell’s equations into formulations involving integrals over ...

It is well known that first kind integral equations having nonsmooth kernels can sometimes be solved satisfactorily without regularization. Our objective here is to quantify the relationship between ...

In this paper, we present a numerical method for solving nonlinear Hammerstein fractional integral equations. The method approximates the solution by Picard iteration ...

Optical systems employ a rich array of physical effects which are described by well-understood equations. However, for all but the simplest devices these equations are typically too complex to permit ...