Transistors are tiny electronic components that act as switches and amplifiers, and they dwell at the heart of modern technology. In simple terms, a transistor can turn a flow of electricity on or off ...

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I was digging around in the LM311 (and LM111, LM211) comparator data sheet, and came across this unusual voltage reference (diag right). It consists of an npn cascsode pair of transistors, the top one ...