Hidden Markov models (HMMs) provide a robust statistical framework for analysing sequential data by assuming that the observed processes are driven by underlying, unobserved states. These models have ...

Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...