The lithosphere is the rigid, outermost, rocky shell of the Earth. It is composed of the crust and the top part of the mantle, called the lithospheric mantle. This extends around 40 to 280 kilometers ...

The stable continents have a puzzling structure. Recent seismological studies have revealed a marked drop in seismic velocity at middle-lithosphere depths, but a generally small velocity drop at the ...

(n.) The outer part of the solid earth, the portion undergoing change through the gradual transfer of material by volcanic eruption, the circulation of underground water, and the process of erosion ...

(n.) The outer part of the solid earth, the portion undergoing change through the gradual transfer of material by volcanic eruption, the circulation of underground water, and the process of erosion ...