The purpose of the network layer is to help route messages between different local networks. Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the ...

TCP/IP is a layered networking protocol, which means that packets of data from the application are passed through several stages, or layers, until they move onto the wire as pulses or into the air as ...

This is a reconstruction of http://www.roman10.net/2011/11/27/how-to-calculate-iptcpudp-checksumpart-2-implementation/ The site is gone so I took it from the archive ...

Layer role (e.g., "Network: Handles routing and forwarding of packets"). Data added (e.g., header, trailer, or bit conversion). Cumulative headers/tails for the layer ...

Do you remember when we used multi-protocol routing for IPX, AppleTalk, and TCP/IP running on the same network? In the 1980s and early 1990s many enterprises had multiple protocols running on the ...

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) constitute the vast majority of packets the average Internet user sends and receives. Inevitably, errors will at some point work ...