IPsec incorporates several cryptographic operations to ensure message authenticity, data integrity, and sender nonrepudiation. In this section we will describe the mechanics of these cryptographic ...

The message digest (MD) algorithm allows a fixed-length digest to be generated from data of arbitrary size by using the hash algorithm. The MD algorithm is also referred to as a hash algorithm or a ...

ABSTRACT: Though the History of using password in computing can be traced back to as far as mid of last century little focus has been implied on how to securely store and retrieve password to ...

Hash Algorithm is used to convert input data (message) into a fixed-size string, typically a hash value, which uniquely represents the original data. Break the message ( M ) into fixed-size blocks. If ...

An algorithm that transforms a given amount of data (the "message") into a fixed number of digits, known as the "hash," "digest" or "digital fingerprint." Hash functions are a fundamental component in ...

Abstract: Dynamic data masking (DDM) is an efficient data security system for protecting personal, as well as other data from attackers or third parties. Reversible Data Hiding (RDH) is a scheme that ...

Part I introduced some of the challenges in the way of the public understanding of how Bitcoin works, and summarized the strategic roles of the open source software model, peer-to-peer networking, and ...