This paper presents optimization methods to design frame structures from a stock of existing elements. These methods are relevant when reusing structural elements over multiple service lives. Reuse ...

In general, the design and analysis of 3-dimensional frame structures is carried out with the help of software because it requires a complex calculation process. Nowadays, a software that works on ...

The architectural realm has been in constant evolution, with every era unveiling newer and better construction techniques. Among the materials that have stood the test of time, steel emerges as a ...

This article examined steel frames with shear beam-column connections to determine the effectiveness of different masonry infill walls under progressive collapse. This research concentrated on the ...

For over a century, wood pole structures have been used to support overhead powerlines. Over time, as the utility industry expanded, the basic wood pole structure has evolved, but regardless of ...

Heavy Steel Frames: Fabricated from hot-rolled steel sections, heavy steel frames are significantly thicker—often above 6 mm—and heavier. They are used in buildings where high load-bearing capacity is ...