THE conditioned-reflex treatment of chronic alcoholism, as employed at the Shadel Sanitarium, consists of establishing an aversion to the sight, taste, smell and thought of all types of alcoholic ...

Normally dogs snatch at food; elephants reach out their trunks for it. A man will pull his hand away from a hot plate. These are examples of unconditioned reflexes, fully developed in infancy. They ...

represent a contraindication for conditioned-reflex therapy. The initial series of the treatment involved seven injections with a total dose of 0.54 gm. (9 gr.) of injected emetine, followed by an ...

Abstract: Operant conditioning (OC) and secondary conditioning are two important mechanisms for organisms to adapt to external environments. However, most memristor-based neural network circuits only ...

To investigate the effects of plantar cutaneous afferent excitation on the soleus H-reflex and flexion reflex in both subject groups while seated. The flexion reflex in SCI subjects was elicited by ...

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