A new research proposes a model for how calcium signaling is able to activate distant effectors, without raising its own levels throughout the cell by extension. Cells perceive their environment and ...

(MEMPHIS, Tenn. – November 6, 2025) The enzyme RNA polymerase II transcribes genes into messenger RNA. This process is guided by modifications to the enzyme’s “tail” called phosphorylation patterns.

When a cell receives a message from outside, it generates a molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP) to relay this message. To ensure the signal reaches the correct effector without triggering pathways ...

CAR architecture has evolved through four generations. The first relied solely on CD3ζ and lacked potency. Second-generation receptors added either CD28 or 4-1BB costimulation, striking a balance ...